Fascist in the Bushs - "Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951” - Federal Documents : Melbourne Indymedia

Furthermore, the records show that Bush and his colleagues routinely attempted to conceal their activities from government investigators.

Bush's partners in the secret web of Thyssen-controlled ventures included former New York Governor W. Averell Harriman and his younger brother, E. Roland Harriman. Their quarter-century of Nazi financial transactions, from 1924-1951, were conducted by the New York private banking firm, Brown Brothers Harriman.

The White House did not return phone calls seeking comment.

Although the additional seizures under the Trading with the Enemy Act did not take place until after the war, documents from The National Archives and Library of Congress confirm that Bush and his partners continued their Nazi dealings unabated. These activities included a financial relationship with the German city of Hanover and several industrial concerns. They went undetected by investigators until after World War Two.

At the same time Bush and the Harrimans were profiting from their Nazi partnerships, W. Averell Harriman was serving as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's personal emissary to the United Kingdom during the toughest years of the war. On October 28, 1942, the same day two key Bush-Harriman-run businesses were being seized by the U.S. government, Harriman was meeting in London with Field Marshall Smuts to discuss the war effort.

Denial and Deceit

While Harriman was concealing his Nazi relationships from his government colleagues, Cornelius Livense, the top executive of the interlocking German concerns held under the corporate umbrella of Union Banking Corporation (UBC), repeatedly tried to mislead investigators, and was sometimes supported in his subterfuge by Brown Brothers Harriman.

All of the assets of UBC and its related businesses belonged to Thyssen-controlled enterprises, including his Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart in Rotterdam, the documents state.

Nevertheless, Livense, president of UBC, claimed to have no knowledge of such a relationship. "Strangely enough, (Livense) claims he does not know the actual ownership of the company," states a government report.

H.D Pennington, manager of Brown Brothers Harriman and a director of UBC "for many years," also lied to investigators about the secret and well-concealed relationship with Thyssen's Dutch bank, according to the documents.

Investigators later reported that the company was "wholly owned" by Thyssen's Dutch bank.

Despite such ongoing subterfuge, U.S. investigators were able to show that "a careful examination of UBC's general ledger, cash books and journals from 1919 until the present date clearly establish that the principal and practically only source of funds has been Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart."

In yet another attempt to mislead investigators, Livense said that $240,000 in banknotes in a safe deposit box at Underwriters Trust Co. in New York had been given to him by another UBC-Thyssen associate, H.J. Kouwenhoven, managing director of Thyssen's Dutch bank and a director of the August Thyssen Bank in Berlin. August Thyssen was Fritz's father.

The government report shows that Livense first neglected to report the $240,000, then claimed that it had been given to him as a gift by Kouwenhoven. However, by the time Livense filed a financial disclosure with U.S. officials, he changed his story again and reported the sum as a debt rather than a cash holding.

In yet another attempt to deceive the governments of both the U.S. and Canada, Livense and his partners misreported the facts about the sale of a Canadian Nazi front enterprise, La Cooperative Catholique des Consommateurs de Combustible, which imported German coal into Canada via the web of Thyssen-controlled U.S. businesses.

"The Canadian authorities, however, were not taken in by this maneuver," a U.S. government report states. The coal company was later seized by Canadian authorities.

After the war, a total of 18 additional Brown Brothers Harriman and UBC-related client assets were seized under The Trading with the Enemy Act, including several that showed the continuation of a relationship with the Thyssen family after the initial 1942 seizures.

The records also show that Bush and the Harrimans conducted business after the war with related concerns doing business in or moving assets into Switzerland, Panama, Argentina and Brazil - all critical outposts for the flight of Nazi capital after Germany's surrender in 1945. Fritz Thyssen died in Argentina in 1951.

One of the final seizures, in October 1950, concerned the U.S. assets of a Nazi baroness named Theresia Maria Ida Beneditka Huberta Stanislava Martina von Schwarzenberg, who also used two shorter aliases. Brown Brothers Harriman, where Prescott Bush and the Harrimans were partners, attempted to convince government investigators that the baroness had been a victim of Nazi persecution and therefore should be allowed to maintain her assets.

"It appears, rather, that the subject was a member of the Nazi party," government investigators concluded.

At the same time the last Brown Brothers Harriman client assets were seized, Prescott Bush announced his Senate campaign that led to his election in 1952.

Investigation Investigated?

In 1943, six months after the seizure of UBC and its related companies, a government investigator noted in a Treasury Department memo dated April 8, 1943 that the FBI had inquired about the status of any investigation into Bush and the Harrimans.

"I gave 'a memorandum' which did not say anything about the American officers of subject," the investigator wrote. "(Another investigator) wanted to know whether any specific action had been taken by us with respect to them."

No further action beyond the initial seizures was ever taken, and the newly-confirmed records went unseen by the American people for six decades.

What Does It All Mean?

So why are the documents relevant today?

"The story of Prescott Bush and Brown Brothers Harriman is an introduction to the real history of our country," says L.A. art book publisher and historian Edward Boswell. "It exposes the money-making motives behind our foreign policies, dating back a full century. The ability of Prescott Bush and the Harrimans to bury their checkered pasts also reveals a collusion between Wall Street and the media that exists to this day."

Sheldon Drobny, a Chicago entrepreneur and philanthropist who will soon launch a liberal talk radio network, says the importance of the new documents is that they prove a long pattern of Bush family war profiteering that continues today via George H.W. Bush's intimate relationship with the Saudi royal family and the bin Ladens, conducted via the super-secret Carlyle Group, whose senior advisers include former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker III.

In the post-9/11 world, Drobny finds the Bush-Saudi connection deeply troubling. "Trading with the enemy is trading with the enemy," he says. "That's the relevance of the documents and what they show."

Lawrence Lader, an abortion rights activist and the author of more than 40 books, says "the relevance lies with the fact that the sitting President of the United States would lead the nation to war based on lies and against the wishes of the rest of the world." Lader and others draw comparisons between President Bush's invasion of Iraq and Hitler's occupation of Poland in 1939 - the event that sparked World War Two.

However, others see an even larger significance.

"The discovery of the Bush-Nazi documents raises new questions about the role of Prescott Bush and his influential business partners in the secret emigration of Nazi war criminals, which allowed them to escape justice in Germany," says Bob Fertik, co-founder of Democrats.com and an amateur 'Nazi hunter.' "It also raises questions about the importance of Nazi recruits to the CIA in its early years, in what was called Operation Paperclip, and Prescott Bush's role in that dark operation."

Fertik and others, including former Justice Department Nazi war crimes prosecutor John Loftus, a Constitutional attorney in Miami, and a former Veterans Administration official, believe Prescott Bush and the Harrimans should have been tried for treason.

What Next?

Now, say Fertik and Loftus, there should be a Congressional investigation into the Bush family's Nazi past and its concealment from the American people for 60 years.

"The American people have a right to know, in detail, about this hidden chapter of our history," says Loftus, author of The Secret War Against the Jews. "That's the only way we can understand it and deal with it."

For his part, Fertik is pessimistic that even a Congressional investigation can thwart the war profiteering of the present Bush White House. "It's impossible to stop it," he says, "when the worst war profiteers are George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, who operate in secrecy behind the vast powers of the White House."

According to published sources, Prescott Bush, while a pledge for the Skull & Bones fraternity (Yale) in 1911, desecrated the grave of Apache chief Geronimo, taking his skull and other artifacts back to Connecticut. This incident was published in the 1911 Skull & Bones yearbook. Thus, there is a powerful Native American curse levied upon all the Bush descendants, forever.

“Bush - Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951” - Federal Documents
By John Buchanan and Stacey Michael
from The New Hampshire Gazette Vol. 248, No. 3, November 7, 2003

http://www.nhgazette.com/cgi-bin/NHGstore.cgi?user_action=detail&catalogno=NN_Bush_Nazi_2

Tucked within the text of the articke is this curious paragraph:

"'The American people have a right to know, in detail, about this hidden chapter of our history,' says Loftus, author of The Secret War Against the Jews. 'That's the only way we can understand it and deal with it.'"

Speaking of SECRET WARS, what of the war Jews - Left and Right - have been waging against the West for over 100 years; a war for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, by the Right, and a war for world socialism/communism, by the Left?

Maybe this article will be informative for many of your readers who charge "anti-Semitism" at the drop of a hat:

=======

To:

Subejct: Un-Informed Goyim

=======

July 29, 2004

Dear Robert Martin,

Thanks for your reply.

My apologies for shooting both barrels at
you, but I don't know how else to get
through to you:

Logically, we have to focus on the SOURCE,
not the SYMPTOMS, the former of which is
Jewish, the latter being banking and politics
and culture.

Let's set the record straight on one issue, firstly,
Robert:

-from my collection of thoughts on America's steep moral/
cultural decline, "Paleoconservative Thoughts To Ponder":

2064) The term "anti-Semitic" is a misnomer and clever ruse, concocted by Jews to deflect attention away from their own racist/tribalist/revolutionist tenets - found in Judaism (found in the Torah and Talmud) - and onto anyone who would dare to question Jews' politcal/cultural/social machinations within any host culture—Marxist- or Zionist-driven machinations; that is, because both Arabs and Jews are Semitic people (the non-Semitic Ashkenazim vs. Semitic Sephardim question put aside), a charge of anti-Semitism effectively deflects any warranted criticism of Jews, and/or Judaism, away from their racist/tribalist/revolutionist works and onto their non-Semitic critics, who become Jew-defined "haters" of Arabs and Jews, rather than being the reason-driven critics of Jews' civilization-wrecking ideas and policies; a clever ruse that has made an "anti-Semite" of any truth-telling critic—and made perilously unstable all of the once-white, once-Christian and once-stable democracies of the West, which had been charged by Arabs and Jews with racism for resisting an importation of anti-white, anti-Christian, anti-Western tribes and their intra-Semitic/inter-religious blood feuds.

You write as if you have not studied the subject
of Jews' power and control in Great Britain and
America.

Do you truly believe that the Queen's wealth and
power exceeds that of the Jews controlling and
manipulating banks in Great Britain and America?

Are you joking?

Name the tribe applying the "economic dictatorship"
Pope Pius XI was referencing in his following
remark (1931). And name the family having the most
dictatorial economic influence in 1931 (find next link):

[I]t is obvious that not only is wealth concentrated in our times but an immense power and despotic economic dictatorship is consolidated in the hands of a few, who often are not owners but only the trustees and managing directors of invested funds which they administer according to their own arbitrary will and pleasure. This dictatorship is being most forcibly exercised by those who, since they hold the money and completely control it, control credit also and rule the lending of money. Hence they regulate the flow, so to speak, of the life-blood whereby the entire economic system lives, and have so firmly in their grasp the soul, as it were, of economic life that no one can breathe against their will.
http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v06/v06p389_John.html

What about mass communication in the
'30s?

Which tribe had had an inordinate degree
of control over mainstream media then?

What about today? Let's examine Jews'
influence in the Sixties' America, as ex-
plained by a Jew:

http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/ginsberg.html

Does the Queen control British media today?:

http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/shadow/jewishmedia_uk.shtml

Of course, you have no doubt that Jews
hold EXCESSIVE control of U.S. media.
And you have no doubt that Jews have
EXCESSIVE control of the entertainment
industries (( by "excessive," I mean the
degree of control compared to other
tribes' influence; an example is the
number of Jews in law, as compared
with their demographic representation:
22% of attorneys are Jewish while Jews
comprise only 2% of U.S. population! )):

14) Who controls the news rules the mind;
who controls entertainment rules the heart;
who controls both rules the commonwealth.

And who controls the flow of money
has near-absolute power.

The Bank of England is subject to the will of rich
and powerful Jews, as the mere hint of the threat
of being called "anti-Semitic" keeps everyone in
line there, and here in the U.S.

All reason-driven minds, when given the same facts, arrive
at the same conclusions; a general truth. Agreed?

You're a reason-driven man, as am I. Any differences of
opinon on the matter of Jews' culpability -- about the
degree to which Jews are responsible for the West's
decline in banking and politics and culture, etc. –
must come from our having been exposed to differing
sets of facts; that is, you may not have my library of
articles about the history of Marxist and Zionist
Jews' DEADLY MACHINATIONS, inside and
outside their host cultures. The TALMUDISTS
among Jews are the evil-driven ones, as that set of
instructions - in the TALMUD - provides Zionist
rabbis with the intellectual/"spiritual" platform for
viewing non-Jews as mere animals, who may be
killed at will by Jews, an instruction not unlike
that found in Arabs' "holy" book; viewing non-
Jewish children as sex objects--a scandal like that
of those Roman Catholic priests molesting children,
which practice is found among rabbis but well hidden
by Jews controlling U.S. and British media; viewing
rape of a non-Jew by a Jew to be no offense; and I
could go on and on about the Talmud's sickening -
and secreted - teachings by the way, according to
the Talmud ( by the way, a Goy who is caught
reading the Talmud is to be put to death ).

The Talmud (click bottom of page for other chapters)
http://www.come-and-hear.com/dilling/chapt05.html

I suspect that you're simply un-informed, either as a Goy
or as a Jew (( explained below )):

506) Christians' own New-Testament theology defeats them in the CULTURE WARS while both Islam and Judaism uphold tenets which allow lying, cheating, stealing and killing--to advance their respective tribe's ethnicity and theology. Read Jews' Talmudic laws on the matter (for the un-informed Goy: Jews may lie, cheat, steal and kill to advance the cause of Judaism), and study Arabs' Koranic verses (for the un-informed Goy: Muslims may lie, cheat, steal and kill to advance the cause of Islam). White Christian males are being defeated by their New-Testament PASSIVISM - their TURN-THE-OTHER-CHEEK MORALITY - and by their ignorance about the hidden tenets of Judaism and Islam (Old-Testatment-oriented Christians have had a more aggressive/violent approach to maintaining their tribe and religion; read my essays, "Buckley's Paradox" and "The Jesus Connection," for a better understanding). So long as the truth about the HIDDEN TENETS of Judaism (the Talmud) and Islam (the Koran) remain unchallenged by white Christian males, their Western civilization's steep moral/cultural decline, resulting from those two Semitic-based cancers, shall continue apace.

If Jews foment evil -- that is, if Jews' machinations as an ethnic
tribe and religion reach a plateau of manipulation unacceptable
in good civil society, to justify a blanket condemnation -- then
"anti-Semitism" becomes a moral obligation for morality-driven
people (( "moral" simply refers to any intellectual distinction
between what is right and what is wrong )).

In conclusion:

KEEP AN OPEN MIND, which requires a willingness to read
"anti-Semitic" articles about the history and power of
Marxist and Zionist Jews; and, more convincing, read what
secular Jews write about Marxism and Zionism:

http://www.natall.com/free-speech/fs956b.html

Best Regards,

P.S. Winston Churchill on Jews' power and influence
(( one of dozens I have on the subject )):

http://www.fpp.co.uk/bookchapters/WSC/WSCwrote1920.html

This reporting is typically monumental Zionist hypocrisy.

I take issue with the statement that there is no way to stop this intergenerational family of War Criminals.

The Hanoverian Germans and their Zionist collaborators in their plots against the human race have met their match in the activities of our "Visitors."

The Extraterrestrial intervention has so far prevented the immolation of the planet from the thermonuclear war criminals who pretend to hold power. Once the population awakens to the fact that ET has soundly defeated the Wall Street War criminals and their collaborators in the Merchant Murder Class, the human race will then take the actions that follow from the defeat of a group of war criminals.

Read More: http://politicsofet.com/

So glad this information is (finally) getting some more exposure and distribution - seeping into the mainstream press. This info about the bush family can be found on the net - just start doing som searches on the bush family "businesses" and you will soon realize that the rotten apple does not fall far from the diseased (family) tree.

a-HA! That's the question. What lies are the complicit told to get them to go along with the murder of fellow humans- (after all, NO-ONE would kill someone that didn't deserve it, right?)... they think they are on the inside, and will be on high ground when the levee breaks... Is thier 'secret' an alien invasion? A chinese invasion? A breakdown of the collective unconciousness of all mankind-so-grab-it-before-it-dematerializes kind of scenaro?
...just curious...

The Bushes crimes continued well after 1952. There is a well documented book that came out in 1995, titled "Trance-formation of America", in which the sexual abuse of minors and the abuse of the chruch for CIA games and drug running by the Bushes is told from a first-hand view. The authors, Mark & Cathy Phillips (nee O'Brien) are very candid, and I have been able to talk to them at length and verify their statements. Throughout the book the fact that Nazi-like mind-control is being used is evident, and I would recommend that any US citizen appraise themselves of the facts and turn off to the GOP hype and the constant "security alerts". It is this fear climate that turned a very reasoning nation into idiots, and if you are not diligent, you too will be manipulated by the offspring of Nazis. The logical issue to all this, of course, is not weird fascist ideology, but money; Congressman Bush did not support the Hitler out of sentiment, but out of greed, and this was in Iraq has nothing to do with morals or national security, but once again, it is is simply greed using hype to form a hysterical group that does not check facts.

http://fleshingoutskullandbones.com/P.Bush-Union_Banking/P.Bush-Union_Banking.html

Based on Chapter 17 of Fleshing Out Skull & Bones

“There’s three things to remember: claim everything, explain nothing, deny everything,” recalled Prescott Bush as to how politics was explained to him by Clare Booth Luce, congresswoman and wife of fellow Bonesman and magazine magnate, Henry Luce. The remarks were recorded in a 1966 interview with Prescott for an oral history project about the Eisenhower Administration by Columbia University.
The Bush political family seems to have taken those words to heart, one example being the story of Prescott’s involvement with the Union Banking Corporation and the financing of Hitler and fascism. Why there has been such a deliberate and hard cover-up of this affair is in no doubt due to its sensitive nature.
The who, what and where of this business is already covered in several of the other articles in this book. Here we will examine the story as it appears today.
The specific allegations about the Union Banking Corporation first surfaced in Antony Sutton’s 1975 book, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. Sutton at that time did not know about the Order of Skull & Bones. After becoming aware of the Order in 1983 he expanded his writings on the subject in How the Order Creates War and Revolution in 1984, which was later published, with Antony’s three other booklets on The Order of Skull & Bones, together as America’s Secret Establishment in 1986. The charges were articulated again in 1988 in Sutton’s The Two Faces of George Bush.
The mainstream press and establishment historians ignored Sutton’s books and the accusations.
In 1992, Webster Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin authored George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography (some chapters are presented in this book), which took the investigations further. They found in U.S. government archives the vesting order seizing the Union Banking Corporation and documented other Harriman/Bush controlled interests that were doing business with the Nazis. Their book was published by Executive Intelligence Review, a Lyndon Laurouche organization, and again the reports were ignored.
John Loftus, a former attorney for the Office of Special Operations prosecuting Nazi war criminals in the US Justice Department also added information about the situation in his 1994 book, The Secret War Against the Jews.
A Dutch producer Daniæl de Witt, from Dutch National Television interviewed Sutton, Chaitkin, Tarpley and others in 1996, for a documentary on Skull & Bones that included confirmation from Dutch officials concerning the Union Banking Corporation and its activities in financing Hitler through a Dutch bank, the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvart (Bank for Trade and Shipping). From the documentary: “Original documents of the Amsterdam based International Institute of Social History (Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis) clearly show the connection between the BHS, the August Thyssen Bank from Fritz Thyssen and Harriman’s Union Banking Corporation.”
The show as produced never aired.* The show was listed in printed schedules and there was a preview in a TV guide but the program was pulled just before being a televised in 1998. Finally in January 2001, a re-edited thirty minute segment of the original eighty minute film was aired plus ten minutes of new footage of interviews of the movie, The Skulls, writer and director.
With the advent and growth of the Internet and its ability to by-pass the mainstream media editorial bottleneck there was a growing awareness of the Nazi-Bush financial connections. Newspaper reporter Michael Kranish finally made the accusations public through a mainstream press article in the Boston Globe that became the story about the charges. A front-page article headlined Triumphs, Troubles Shape Generations, ran on April 23, 2001. The story was told in first three paragraphs.
The story:
Prescott Bush was surely aghast at a sensational article the New York Herald Tribune splashed on its front page in July 1942.
“Hitler’s Angel Has 3 Million in US Bank,” read the headline above a story reporting that Adolf Hitler’s financier had stowed the fortune in Union Banking Corp., possibly to be held for “Nazi bigwigs.” Bush knew all about the New York bank: He was one of its seven directors. If the Nazi tie became known, it would be a potential “embarrassment,” Bush and his partners at Brown Brothers Harriman worried, explaining to government regulators that their position was merely an unpaid courtesy for a client. The situation grew more serious when the government seized Union’s assets under the Trading with the Enemy Act, the sort of action that could have ruined Bush’s political dreams.
As it turned out, his involvement wasn’t pursued by the press or political opponents during his Senate campaigns a decade later. But the episode may well have been one of the catalysts for a dramatic change in his life. Just as the Union Banking story broke, Bush volunteered to be chairman of United Service Organizations, putting himself on the national stage for the first time. He traveled the country raising millions of dollars to help boost the morale of US troops during World War II, enhancing his stature in a way that helped him get elected US senator. A son and grandson would become presidents.
The next fifty plus paragraphs extolled Prescott’s liberal virtues, proclaimed him to be “akin to the Kennedys” and mentions Prescott’s membership in the Yale singing group the Whiffenpoofs, but failed to inform about his membership in the Order of Skull & Bones.
Alexandra Robbins, a member of Yale’s second oldest senior secret society Scroll & Key, used the story in 2002 to deflect the charges in her faux expose of the Order of Skull & Bones, Secrets of the Tomb:
Nor was it Skull and Bones that specifically instructed members to aid Adolf Hitler, though Hitler’s financier stowed $3 million in the Union Banking Corporation, a bank that counted among its seven directors Prescott Bush.
That’s it. That is Ms. Robbins complete comment on the subject of the Union Banking Corporation, financing of Hitler and the Order of Skull & Bones. No mention about the American Ship and Commerce Company, Consolidated Silesian Steel Corporation, Hamburg-Amerika Lines, Harriman Fifteen Corporation, Harriman International Company, Holland-American Trading Company, Steamless Steel Corporation or the Silesian-American Corporation, companies of which Brown Brothers Harriman were involved and all of which were enmeshed with Hitler’s rise to power. No mention that under the Trading with the Enemy Act many of these companies were seized and were placed at the US Office of Alien Property Custodian. No mention that the Union Banking Corporation was established in August 1924 with George Herbert Walker serving as president and working out of the offices of W. A. Harriman and Company. No mention that in 1932, four out of the eight bank directors were members of the Order of Skull & Bones. No mention that, in the fall of 1942 when Union Banking Corporation was taken over by the government, that a total of three out of seven directors were members of the Order and that a fourth director was an employee of Brown Brothers Harriman effectively giving Brown Brothers Harriman voting control. No mention that while there were many other non-Bones personnel in partnership at Brown Brothers Harriman, none of them were directors of Union Banking, only Bones partners were on the Union Banking Corporation board. The only exception being not another partner but a Brown Brothers Harriman employee. No mention that two of the other directors have been identified as Nazis. There was no mention of published accounts such as “[a] 1934 congressional investigation alleged that Walker’s Hamburg-Amerika Line subsidized a wide-range of pro-Nazi propaganda efforts both in Germany and the United States;” or that in June of 1936 “[i]nstead of divesting of the Nazi money, [Prescott] Bush hired a lawyer to hide his assets. The lawyer he hired was Allen Dulles.” Was it because Ms. Robbins didn’t do her homework or was she just advancing the story?
The story next gets extended and massaged in Mickey Herskowitz’s craftily written just released 2003 biography of Prescott Bush, Duty, Honor, Country:
In everyone’s life there is a summer of ‘42; Prescott Bush spent his on Wall Street, where nostalgia and romance are not the hot commodities they were in the motion picture that made the phrase symbolic.
A headline that landed on the front page of the New York Herald Tribune in July of that year read: “Hitler’s Angel Has 3 Million in U.S. Bank.” The reference was to the Union Banking Corporation. Prescott may have been upset or alarmed by the disclosure he was one of its seven directors. A person of less established ethics would have been panicked.
The story claimed that the bank held $3 million in deposits for a German businessman, described as a “financier” for Adolf Hitler. There was speculation that the account may have been intended for the later use of “Nazi bigwigs.”
Buried in the databases that dealt with the Bush family political tradition, the article was rediscovered and reported in the Boston Globe, in April 2001, by Michael Kranish. He concluded in the article that the connection had represented a potential “embarrassment” for Prescott. No one actually knew what purpose the fortune had been meant to serve, or who controlled it. Possibly, the money had been socked away as a hedge against Germany’s defeat.
Bush and his partners at Brown Brothers Harriman informed the government regulators that the account, opened in the late 1930s, was “an unpaid courtesy for a client. The situation,” wrote Kranish, “grew more serious when the government seized Union’s assets under the Trading with the Enemy Act, the sort of action that could have ruined Bush’s political dreams.” The phrase was an ominous one.
The client was believed to be a friend of Charles Lindbergh, according to Roland Harriman. Prescott Bush acted quickly and openly on behalf of the firm, served well by a reputation that had never been compromised. He made available all records and all documents. Viewed six decades later in the era of serial corporate scandals and shattered careers, he received what can be viewed as the ultimate clean bill.
A decade later when he ran for the Senate, his involvement in the bank went untouched by the press or his political opponents.
Earlier that year he had accepted the chairmanship of the USO (United Service Organizations.) He traveled the country over the next two years raising millions for the National War Fund and, as the Boston Globe noted, “putting himself on the national stage for the first time ... (and) boosting the morale of U.S. troops.” Out of adversity good things came.
Again the other companies are conveniently ignored and new facts appear out of thin air and a theme is laid down. Mr. Herskowitz doesn’t cite any known sources for this new information. He cites the Kranish article but does not cite the Herald-Tribune or any other contemporaneous accounts; he says he had access to 46-hours of taped interviews and scrapbooks from the Bush family and mentions archives at the University of Connecticut. So we do not know where he gathered this particular new information. We do know that it is incorrect and misleading.
Let us examine the story:
First off the Herald-Tribune article didn’t appear in July of 1942 it was actually printed in July of 1941. The article itself proved to be quite the challenge to find. I talked with several different researchers and none had been able to find it, although spending hours looking at microfilm. Since, there was never a complete date given, just July, 1942, researchers were having to look at the whole month of July and when it wasn’t found there, began looking in June and August.
In a July 2003, call to Mr. Kranish at the Globe I was told that “several other people” had called him telling him that they were “unable to find it.” That there wasn’t a complete date reference on the Herald-Tribune article because the article he had found it in an “archive of archives” was cut out and there was not a full date just a month and year. He said he was sure it was July 1942. I asked Mike, if it was a special edition and if I could find out where this archive was? He said, “The Herald-Tribune doesn’t exist anymore and it is hard to find, you are just going to have to take my word for it. The story definitely appeared.” He then excused himself as being busy, that he had written the story over two years ago and he needed to go.
Well, we have found proof that the article did indeed appear in July of 1941. First we found on Alex Jones’ infowars.com website an article from the July 31, 1941, Zanesville Signal in Ohio. The Thyssen/Union Banking news story was in an INS (International News Service) wire report, which says that it was “disclosed today in a news story in the New York Journal American. We then found, at ancestry.com, an AP wire report in the Sheboygan Press, a Wisconsin newspaper of August 1, 1941 which stated: “The Herald-Tribune said Thursday [July, 31, 1941], that Fritz Thyssen, German industrialist credited with helping finance Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, ‘has $3,000,000 in American cash salted away in the bank vaults of downtown New York.’” Armed with the correct date, we were then able to find both the New York Herald-Tribune and New York Journal American stories. The articles are presented in full later in this chapter.
So, big deal, what difference does a year make? Well, let’s see in July of 1941 when the article was really printed, there was no declared war, and the story allows the rehabilitation of Prescott’s honor by allowing him to “enhance his stature” before the revealing newspaper article, instead of after. The truth of the matter, that Prescott was possibly running for cover in February 1942, by serving as the national chairman of USO, is not broached and the scandal is covered-up.
What “embarrassment” Prescott may have felt isn’t known. The incident isn’t discussed in his oral history interviews nor were there any contemporaneous news articles except for the one flurry in July/August 1941 and the articles that mention his name do so without any personal comments. Neither establishment historians nor the mainstream media have dealt with the episode in any depth. Sutton’s works and others have been quietly ignored for years, it is only the power of the Internet that has brought forth the story.
In the History Of The Class Of 1917 Yale College, Volume V Twenty-Fifth Record printed in 1942, Prescott proudly proclaims his directorship of the Union Banking Corporation, listing it third behind CBS and The Dresser Manufacturing Company and ahead of six other substantial companies. He had been on the bank’s board since 1934, his father-in-law was a founder and had been the bank’s president. It really wasn’t a bank per se, but acted has a holding company for Thyssen, the German Steel Trust and its related components in their dealings with American industrial and financial markets. It allowed the Thyssen interests to raise money, sell and buy goods in America and then use Union Banking Corporation as their reciprocal bank to transfer monies back and forth.
And the theme of poor ol’ diligent, nave Prescott and partners being flummoxed by Charles Lindbergh into such a position of “embarrassment” is unfounded blame-shifting. The statements by Mr. Herskowitz of “[n]o one actually knew for what purpose the fortune had been meant to serve, or who controlled it” and ”that the account [was] opened in late 1930’s” are incorrect and disingenuous at best. The bank had working relations with the Thyssen interests since the 1920’s and Prescott would have had access to information concerning business. Prescott had been a director of the bank since the early 1930s and he was “running the business” at Brown Brothers Harriman at the time of the scandal. In Prescott’s own words, from the Columbia University oral history: “the partners, like myself and Knight Wooley, who became certainly after Lovett went to Washington in 1940 from then on, we were really running the business, the day to day business, all the administrative decisions and the executive decisions. We were the ones that did it.”
The Union Banking Corporation was capitalized at $400,000 (most of the stock held by Roland Harriman) and acted as a repository for Thyssen’s funds earned in the United States. Tarpley and Chaitkin have written that government investigators reported “the Union Banking Corporation has since its inception [1924] handled funds chiefly supplied to it through the Dutch bank for Thyssen interests for American investment.” Averell Harriman had been in Berlin in 1922 establishing a “Berlin Branch of W. A. Harriman & Co. under George Walker’s presidency” at which time he “became acquainted with Fritz Thyssen.”
In the 1941 articles it was reported that Union Banking Corporation’s three million in funds had been frozen in May of 1940 and that the three million dollars, came from “organizations [that] did a thriving business rolling-up dollars.” There were four and a half billion dollars in “foreign assets frozen by the US Government since Adolf Hitler’s armies began overrunning Europe” in US banks. Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian and French assets were frozen in 1940 after the Nazis occupied those countries. German assets were frozen June 14, 1941.
President Roosevelt ordered Axis funds in the United States frozen. In view of the unlimited national emergency declared by the President, The Executive Order is designed, among other things, to prevent the use of the financial facilities of the United States in ways harmful to national defense and other American interests, to prevent the liquidation in the United States of assets looted by duress or conquest, and to curb subversive activities in the United States. Bulletin, p. 718. See also Vol. 6, Federal Register, p. 2897 (http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/4106int.htm)
So had an intrepid reporter, tracking down leads about frozen assets uncovered the story? Or was it some sort of controlled leakage? Over a third of the article consists of the letters to and from the Superintendent of Banks of the State of New York which give some “patriotic” cover for the Brown Brothers Harriman partners. The article also sets out doctored facts, some in the bold subheads, such as “Enlisted Harriman in 1925, that is even contradicted in the newsstory. The theme of the Herald-Tribune article is a “chance” meeting, that it may be or not be that bad or duped Thyssen’s fault, that no compensation was received and how above-board and approved the whole affair is from the governments view. The use of controlled scandal to deflect and cover-up deeper scandal has been used many times in US political life and it sometimes even gets a reporter off an editor’s back. The story runs and is forgotten.
No matter what the reason, the reportage was quietly stifled. With Luce’s Time-Life combine, Harriman’s position at Newsweek and other Bones influenced media such as CBS, the New York Times and others, the scandal was effectively killed as an item of news.
There was no coverage of the Herald-Tribune article’s information on the Thyssen/Union Banking Corporation connection in the national news weeklies, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal or even the New York Daily Worker. The afternoon daily, Hearst-owned Journal-American’s article was basically a condensed re-hash of the earlier Herald Tribune articles.
The next known mention of the Union Banking Corporation in the news was the cryptic one sentence in the December 16, 1944 New York Times* financial pages saying that:
The Union Banking Corporation, 39 Broadway, New York, has received authority to change its principal place of business to 120 Broadway.
The real story continued to be suppressed. No reportage that the corporation was taken over by the US Government under the Trading with the Enemy Act in the fall of 1942, nor that the address to where Union Banking Corporation was moved was the Office of the Alien Property Custodian.
Maybe that power to suppress, to fabricate, to deny everything and to explain nothing was why Prescott was so blase and felt no need to hide from his peers his directorship in a company that had already been reported by the New York press to be holding $3 million dollars in Nazi funds, prior to him putting the “bite” on classmates as the National Chairman in Charge of the 1942 Fund Drive for the USO.
The next mention of Thyssen in the news were reviews in newspapers, and in magazines, such as Time, Newsweek and Nation, for the book, I Paid for Hitler, by Fritz Thyssen. In Bonesman Henry Luce’s Time magazine October 13, 1941 it was reported that a co-writer, Emery Reeves a journalist, who in April of 1940 met with Thyssen in Paris and persuaded Thyssen to go to Monte Carlo with Reeves, “a collaborator and a secretary.” Where Thyssen would “dictate three solid hours every day, then revised and approved the copy.”
In late May 1940. Reeves went “to Paris to check some names and dates.” As the Germans were also on their way to Paris. Reeves left France for Britain on a British destroyer. “He never saw or heard from Thyssen again. After more than a year, it seemed obvious that Thyssen was a captive; for if he were free, he would have communicated with his family in South America. Alive or dead, he was Reeves decided, beyond the power of the book to hurt or help. So Reeves decided to publish.”
The book has Thyssen pounding his head and muttering “‘Ein Dummkopf war ich!’ (What a dumbhead I was’)” and reports about Thyssen’s financial assistance to Hitler prior to the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. The Thyssen role in financing Hitler is covered extensively in other chapters, so we will not recount that history here. A new revelation in the book was the novel conspiracy theory that Adolph Hitler was the illegitimate son of Baron Rothschild. I Paid for Hitler was published in New York, by Farrar & Rinehart. Chairman of the Board of Farrar & Rinehart was John Chipman Farrar a member of the 1918 cell of the Order of Skull & Bones. The class that had been tapped by Prescott’s Bones cell. The 1918 Bones cell included US Congressman Malcolm Baldridge, CIA personnel Director F. Trubee Davison, mega-businessman Artemus Gates and the then, in 1941, Asst. Secretary of War and Brown Brothers Harriman partner Robert A Lovett. They had all been part of the famous Palm Beach, Florida, Yale WW I flying unit.
John C Farrar during WW II was a member of the Psychological Warfare Branch in the Office of War Information and was an editor for some of the OWI propaganda publications.
After the war, Thyssen “denied authorship” of I Paid for Hitler. Was there more to the book than met the eye? Was I Paid for Hitler created to confuse and possibly rehabilitate certain individuals and diffuse and confuse situations in the war-charged American atmosphere of the early 1940s? Similar to Bonesman Luce’s Life magazine reversing the Zapruder film frame of the JFK murder so as to accommodate the physics of the official story of that action.
You have got to be willing to do a lot of things furtively and secretly, to bring about a situation that will accomplish what you want to have accomplished. Prescott Bush, speaking about the intelligence services in his oral history, done by Columbia University.
Prescott definitely understood this and it seems as though he and Brown Brothers Harriman were trying to keep the scandal in the dark before some newshound broke the soon to be squashed news because in the July 31, 1941, New York Herald-Tribune it says that seven months before, in January of 1941, Brown Brothers Harriman partner and Bonesman, Knight Wooley had written to the NY State Banking Board Superintendent that “[s]hould the United States enter the war, they [the Union Banking Corporation American directors] felt they might be under some embarrassment, .”
Kept in the dark it was and Prescott won a special election in 1952, after the death of a sitting Senator, to serve as a US Senator from Connecticut. General Dwight Eisenhower, whom Prescott in November of 1951, had urged to run for the Republican party nomination for President of the US was also elected. Prescott golfed with President Eisenhower often, and spent a half-hour alone with him on Ike’s last day as President.
Senator Bush served on the Banking Committee, many times as a contact person for World Bank and Federal Reserve officials, who sometimes looked for more casual places to do business than the Senate committee rooms. In his second term protecting his state’s interests Prescott also served as a member of the Armed Service Committee. For years Connecticut had received more per capita of the defense dollar than any other state earning itself the sobriquet, the “Arsenal of Democracy.” That the Military-Industrial Complex began in Connecticut in the 1800s is relevant but another tale.
Prescott was a member of two private clubs in Washington, the Alibi Club and the Alfalfa Club. Every presidential election season, the Alfalfa Club nominates one of its members in jest to run for President of the United States. In January 1959 Senator Bush was the nominee for Alfalfa Party. His acceptance speech was recorded and a transcript was included, by the Senator’s request, in his oral history given to Columbia University. In this speech Prescott says:
I recall here the immortal words of Granville Rice, when he wrote:
The rules of life apply the same
To any sport you choose
It matters not how you play the game,
So long as you never lose.
Prescott Bush retired from the Senate in 1962, returning to his work at Brown Brothers Harriman. He passed away in October of 1972. Antony Sutton didn’t write his book about the Order of Skull & Bones and the Union Banking Corporation’s involvement with financing Hitler until 1984. The story and Prescott’s defense didn’t appear till April 2001, just before his Bonesman grandson’s selection to serve as the President of the United States.
Prescott never heard the story. Do we wonder what he would have said?

***

*A Note from Daniæl de Wit, Dutch Television Producer;
Amongst other things, what we had to cut was the information on the Bilderberg society and the CIA-drugs segment. What was left was as good as dead and was broadcast at the ultimate impossible hour of 5 PM on a Friday afternoon as every possible viewer is in traffic going home. There never was a rerun. The reason we had to, well, kill our ‘child,’ was because the new head of the documentary department at that time could not stand behind our findings. Even though they were based on facts and told by experts. There was also a cultural difference. The new head was just recently promoted to this documentary department from a news section that made very factual clips of maximum five minutes: ‘There is a fire and two people died.’ Whilst our documentary was about ‘who lit the fire and why?’ We had made a documentary which is a view on reality based on facts of one hour and twenty minutes and with a subject that is beyond the frame of mind of many people consuming the news that they are fed. This combination of events was the end of our documentary as such.
Making the program was quite an experience, not the least because of all the spooks we had to deal with for the CIA-drugs segment. When we first started in 1995 there was no Internet, just some old stencils of a hard to find book of a man known by only a few and the few who knew him, thought Antony Sutton was dead or lived on a high mountain. To communicate there was the fax and the telephone. In 1996 the Internet came (for us at least) but information on Skull & Bones was still hard to find. Try to explain that to anyone typing in “Skull and Bones” in Google today and getting swamped in information.
The subject of Bones and all these kinds of institutions and people was a real eye opener. As a matter of fact, it changed my life and made me see the world completely different. So much different that many times things are one hundred percent different than they seem. Not just ten of sixty percent, but really one hundred percent, turned upside down. On the one hand the subject of Skull & Bones became less ‘dark,’ because we found out the society is not some sort of spooky world government, on the other hand it became darker, because these Bones-like institutions and their members show a brute force and an enormous concentrated power that is overwhelming and could make anyone very cynical very easily. That also must be a reason people like to stay away from these realities.
Since corresponding and meeting with Antony Sutton he is my greatest example. He was just a player in the game that has to be played, but he played his role very well. He made a difference. I was then and still am ‘in the research business’, as Antony called it, digging deeper as ever, but it is extremely difficult to find resources to make new documentaries on the subjects I specialize in. Very frustrating, because the market is there. It’s just not easy convincing the people who have the funds about this fact. In the meantime I began DaanSpeak.com, a web page that is an outlet for the information I collect and explain in my articles. It’s a hobby, but a serious one. My main work is being a researcher for television programs. Through my website two program makers contacted me for their Dutch series that looks in a serious way at the phenomenon of conspiracies. The series will show that it is a very normal and obvious phenomenon. The program will air (although you never know) in Holland in January 2004.
Daniæl de Wit
August 2003

The front page of the New York Herald-Tribune, July, 31, 1941.
The Thyssen/Union Banking article was continued on page 22 in the financial news section, with three almost full columns plus another full column ancillary story on Thyssen. The articles are reproduced in full in the following pages.
Michael Kranish, the Boston Globe reporter, when we contacted in August 2003 to tell him that the articles were actually published in 1941 said, “Well, I wrote that so long ago, I can’t remember now why ? if it is ‘41 ? why it says ‘42. It is a mystery to me. I do not know what the situation is. But it definitely was there, that is all I can say. The copy that I have, you know, someone put the date in it ? maybe that was wrong. I certainly would have tried carefully to put the right date.” Mike then wanted to know my purpose for looking in to this. I tell him I am a researcher and writer looking into Prescott Bush and Union Banking.
His then last words on the subject were, “I have looked very thoroughly and I did not find the evidence that the conspiracy theorist allege, so ? if the date is different I just don’t know why that is.”

Pass pointer over the newspaper to zoom in on Tyssen story:

The text of the
New York Herald-Tribune, July 31, 1941:

Thyssen Has $3,000.000 Cash in New York Vaults

Union Banking Corp. May Hide Nest Egg for High Nazis He Once Backed

By M. J Racusin
In the tides of economic warfare now surging over the world, the New York Herald Tribune, has discovered that Fritz Thyssen, the German industrialist who was Adolf Hitler’s original patron on a prodigal scale a decade has $3,000,000 in American cash, salted away in the bank vaults of downtown New York.
In the American colony of Thyssen enterprises perhaps the most interesting is, the Union Banking Corporation, 39 Broadway, nominal guardian of the $3,000,000 cache, all in United States currency a sort of nest egg for Herr Thyssen or perhaps for some of his highplaced Nazi friends when the present troublous days are over.
Among other Thyssen interests in New York are half a dozen corporations engaged in the shipping, export and import trades, centering chiefly about coal and steel industries and operating under the wing of the Union Banking Corporation. These organizations did a thriving business in rolling up dollars for Herr Thyssen in years past, but have been brought virtually to a standstill during the last year by the war.
One of the most fascinating aspects of this story is the mystery surrounding the Thyssen fortune. At the moment, of course, no can get at this Thyssen nest egg, because it is part of the $4,500,000,000 foreign assets frozen by the United States government since Adolf Hitler’s armies began overrunning Europe.
Government circles assert that the assets of the Union Banking Corporation and its subsidiaries were frozen because capital and control came from Netherlands institution called the, Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart (Bank for Trade, and Shipping) in Rotterdam one of the Thyssen string of banking houses on the Continent. It was subject to the freezing order, however, as a Dutch corporation and not as a Germanowned property.
As the Custodian of all Dutch property outside the Netherlands, the Netherlands government in exile represents that it, too, would seem to have some rights in the, matter. Nevertheless all of Fritz Thyssen’s properties were confiscated by the Nazi regime back in 1939, and thus it might appear that the assets here are legally a part of the German government’s assets in the United States.
Rotterdam Bank Bombed
The Thyssen bank in Rotterdam which nominally owned the New York corporation was bombed out of existence by the invading Nazis in May, 1940. No one in New York professes to know what has happened to the officers of the Rotterdam institution. Not a word of instruction or advice has come from abroad.
Perhaps it wasn’t Herr Thyssen’s money at all, some persons suggest. Maybe he sent it here for safekeeping for some of the Nazi bigwigs perhaps for Goering, for Goebbels, for Himmler, or even Hitler himself.
No matter how the story comes out, the United States government has the situation in hand. Every penny of known Thyssen assets is frozen, under the strictest control.
There are many Americans in responsible positions who do not think that the rift between Herr Thyssen and the Nazis was genuine at all, preferring to believe that Thyssen was in reality a sort of economic advance agent of the Hitler forces, a financial surveyor and softenerup posing as a refugee.
Reliable private information is that Thyssen has been wandering about Switzerland, France and other European countries before and after the Nazi armies arriving without much hindrance, from the Hitler government. Thyssen is now in Germany not under confinement, free to move about but closely watched perhaps a willing prisoner, perhaps a hostage for his wealth throughout the world.
Herr Thyssen’s adventure in the American business world dates back to August, 1924, when without flourishes or ruffles the Union Banking Corporation was incorporated with a capital stock of $400,000, the money coming from the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, of Rotterdam. It was licensed under the New York State banking laws as an investment corporation.
In addition to known lieutenants of the Thyssen interests in Europe, there appeared and continue to appear on the board of directors of this corporation the names of several partners of the private banking house of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 59 Wall Street.
Enlisted Harriman In 1925
This circumstance dates back to a chance meeting in Europe in 1925 between Fritz Thyssen and W. Averell Harriman, a partner of the Brown Brothers, Harriman firm and now minister plenipotentiary to England as expediter of leaselend aid to the British. Herr Thyssen said to Mr. Harriman that he was opening a bank in the United States to take care of his financial and industrial interests here and, asked Mr. Harriman to serve on the board. Mr. Harriman agreed to have several other members of his firm, go on the directorate.
This took place, of course, at a time when the present world tangle could hardly have been foreseen and when such courtesies were part of the normal routine of international banking relations.
When a new world war began the Brown Brothers Harriman partners sensed possible embarrassment through association with a corporation stemming from German interests and considered withdrawal from the Union Banking Corporation’s board. In a consultation with William R. White, State Superintendent of Banks, on the subject Mr. White requested them to remain on the board to assure efficient administration of the corporation’s affairs by trustworthy and responsible persons during the emergency. They agreed to comply with Mr. White’s request.
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. have never had any financial interest in the Union Banking Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, and have never profited in any way from its activities. The association of some of its partners with the Thyssen corporation, it points, out, was entirely a matter of courtesy.
Relationship Explained

The circumstances of relationship were frankly set forth in a letter addressed by Knight Woolley, a partner of the, Brown Brothers Harriman firm, to Mr. White on Jan. 14 of this year. This letter follows:
“January 14, 1941.
“William R. White, Esq.,
“Superintendent of Banks, State Of New York,
80 Centre Street,
“New York, N, Y.
“’Dear Mr. White:
“As you are aware, my partners, E. R. Harriman, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush and our manager, H. D. Pennington, are directors of the Union Banking Corporation, a state institution under your supervision. This corporation is located, at 39 Broadway, and it is in effect a New York office, or agency, of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, in Rotterdam. Because of possible uncertainty as to whether the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart might be held to be a Dutch institution, or whether it is, in fact, a German institution under a Dutch name, my partners have been giving serious consideration to withdrawing from the board. Should the United States enter the war, they feel they might be under some embarrassment because of their connection with the bank, even though we have no financial interest in the Union Banking Corporation, nor do we participate in its earnings. They act as directors merely as a matter of business courtesy.
“In order that you may understand clearly the reasons for our doubts, I should like to give you the background of our connection with the Union Banking Corporation. Our partner W.A. Harriman was in Europe in 1925, and at that time he became acquainted with Mr. Fritz Thyssen, the German industrialist. To the best of my knowledge, Mr. Thyssen formed the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart and presumably controlled that institution. - At one of his meetings with Mr. Harriman, he told him he was forming a bank in New York to look after his interests in the United States and he asked Mr. Harriman to serve on the board. Mr. Harriman agreed that certain of his associates would serve in this capacity, and as a result various members of the Harriman organizations and now of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., have been on the board ever since.
“The Union Banking Corporation does no commercial business, and its only depositor is the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart. Its activities are limited to occasional payments and a few purchases and sales of securities. All shares of the Union Banking Corporation are registered in the name of E. R. Harriman, who is chairman of the board, except the qualifying shares held by directors. As the company is Dutch owned, its banking accounts were frozen under the Presidential Proclamation of May 10, 1940.
“The Union Banking Corporation maintains accounts with the Chase National Bank, the National City Bank, the Guaranty Trust Company, and ourselves. At present its account with us is the only one which is active, and the drawings are limited to the Payment of salaries and usual office expenses. To further control its operations, we have arranged that either Ray Morris or H. D. Pennington must sign checks jointly with the president of the company, Mr. C. Lievense, or with the, assistant treasurer, Mr. W Kauffmann, and that one of our gentleman from our organization must be present when access is desired to the company’s safe deposit box at the Chase Bank. -
“You have perhaps read in the newspapers recently that, Fritz Thyssen is no longer in Germany, and it has been reported that he has had differences with the Nazi regime. We have no knowledge as to whether he still retains an interest in the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, nor are we able to obtain any information with respect to the stock ownership in the bank.
“In view, of these uncertainties, together with the censorship affecting communications to and from Rotterdam, I realize that the Union Banking Corporation might be placed in an embarrassing position if all the directors were to resign at this time. I feel sure however that you will understand the position of my Associates, and I would greatly appreciate, a frank expression from you as to the action which you feel that they should take should you believe that the interests of the Banking Department would be best served by their continuing as directors until the situation abroad has been somewhat clarified, I know that they will be glad to be guided by, your judgment and I shall greatly appreciate your reaction to this situation and your opinion as to what action, if any, should be taken by my associates.
Very truly yours,

“KNIGHT WOOLLEY.”
White's Reply

To this Mr. White replied:
“May 13, 1941.
“Mr. Knight Woolley,
“Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.,
“59 Wall Street,
“New York City.
Dear Mr. Woolley:
“Reference is made to your letter of January 14 and to conversations which you and certain of your partners have since had with me relative to the status of the Union Banking Corporation.
“During recent months this department has been obliged to give unusual attention to certain of the banking organizations in this country which have been affected by the freezing orders. This, however has not been true in the case of the Union Banking Corporation because of the confidence which the department has in the directors of this institution
“While the department would, not feel free to object if your partners, Mr. Harriman, Mr. Bush, and your firm’s manager, Mr. Pennington, should desire to resign as directors of the corporation, nevertheless the department would be gratified if these gentlemen could find it possible to remain on the board during this period of uncertainty.
“I appreciate your thoughtfulness in bringing this matter to my attention and the willingness of yourself and your associates to consideration to the department’s point of view in the matter.
“Sincerely yours,
“WILLIAM R. WHITE.”
Personnel and Assets

The personnel and financial setup of the Union Banking Corporation is provided in the following report of the institution, issued on Jan 1, 1941:
UNION BANKING CORPORATION. NEW YORK, 39 BROADWAY, ORGANIZED 1924
Cornelis Lievense, President
Walter Kauffmann, Treasurer
Directors Cornelis Lievense, E. Roland Harriman, R. D. Pennington, P. S. Bush, J. Kouwenhoven, Ray Morris, J. G. Groeninger
RESOURCES

Cash on hand and due from
banks (domestic) $2,817,763.95
Bond and Stock investments 232,880.25
Other loans, notes and bills
(including other acceptances) 53,000.00
Accrued Income 947.66
Total resources $3,104,591.86

LIABILITIES
Deposits: Demand $115,880,14
Due to banks (domestic
and foreign) 2,262,040,20
Other Liabilities 822.64
Capital stock .400,000
Surplus and undivided profits 302,339.70
Reserves 23,503,18
Total liabilities 3,104,591.86
Lievense a United States Citizen
The dominating personality in the administration of the Thyssen domain in the United States is the shy and little known Cornelis Lievense, a colorful little Hollander who arrived in this country by way of Montreal in May, 1926, two years after the Union Banking Corporation was set up Mr. Lievense is a naturalized American citizen having received his final citizen papers on Jan. 29, 1932, at Mineola, L.I.
Besides the Union Bank Corporation, Mr. Lievense is president of the Holland American Corporation, the Domestic Fuel Corporation, and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation.
All of these occupy offices with the Union Bank Corporation at 39 Broadway. Others in the group at that address are the Kemari Trading Corporation, the Riberena Fuel and Chartering Corporation, Kauffmann & Co. and Religious Publications Inc.
Mr. Lievense admitted that the assets of the Domestic Fuel Corporation, the Holland American Trading Corporation and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation had all been frozen along with those of the Union Banking Corporation by the Treasury Department. He said the business of the whole group, aside, from the bank, hardly approached $1,000,000 annually.

Blacklisted by Canada

He admitted also that the Domestic Fuel Corporation, which had been bringing cargoes of, coal from the Thyssen mining interests in Europe to Canada and other Western Hemisphere points, had been blacklisted by the Canadian Trade Commission in the fall of 1940.
Mr. Lievense would reveal little of the operations of the corporations beyond saying that they are now under the strict supervision of the Treasury Department and that there was “very little activity.”
He insisted, however, that Religious Publications, Inc., although occupying offices with the Union Banking Corporation and the others, was not a Thyssen venture but was purely his personal affair.
“This is a philanthropic venture of mine,” he explained with disarming sincerity, “undertaken to bring out the religious works of Dr. K Schilder, a Dutchman who has recently been released from a German concentration camp. This is in no sense a profit-making venture and must not be associated with these other business organizations.”
Three of Dr. Schilder’s books have been, brought out by the William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, of Grand Rapids, Mich., and were translated from the Dutch by Henry Zylstra. They bear the titles, “Christ In His Suffering, “Christ on Trial” and “Christ Crucified.”
On Other, Thyssen, Boards
Mr. Lievense speaks in soft, low tones and merely smiled broadly when questioned about his association with Herr Thyssen. His name appears as a director of the Thyssen Holland American Investment Corporation, at Rotterdam. He is a member of the board of the August Thyssen Bank, Aktiengesellschaft, at Berlin, and, he is also a director of the Handelscompagnie Ruilvkeer, a Thyssen bartering company at Amsterdam.
Two of Mr. Lievense’s associates, on the board of the Union Banking Corporation,, J. G. Groeninger and N. J. Kouwenhoven, are among Herr Thyssen’s chief managerial assistants in the conduct of many of his European Projects. Kouwenhoven is an old school friend of Mr. Lievense and is managing director of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart. He is also managing director of the Holland American Investment Corporation and is on the board of the Thyssenowned Vlaardingen Harborworks.
Groeninger is managing director of the Thyssenowned Halcyon Line, with headquarters at Rotterdam. It was this corporation which refused to transfer its headquarters and assets outside Holland when the Netherlands government warned all industrialists to take their properties to Dutch colonies at the time of the Nazi Invasion. Just before the arrival of the German forces at Rotterdam, the British and Dutch navies seized eleven of the thirteen ships of the line and incorporated them in the British shipping pool. It is understood that three of these ships have since been destroyed. Only two ships of the line fell into the Nazis, hands.
Only One Has Visited U. S.
Both Groeninger and Kouwenhoven are directors of the local Holland American Trading Corporation. Groeninger is also on the board of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart and is a director of the Vulcan Rhine Shipping Co., another unit in Thyssen’s industrial kingdom. Kouwenhoven visited the United States about four or five years ago, Mr. Lievense said, but Groeninger appears never to have been here.
“I have told the government, Authorities everything I know and that is all I can say,” Mr. Lievense said in a tolerant manner. “As, a matter of fact, I cannot say now who owns this money and this bank and these corporations. I cannot tell you if Mr. Thyssen owns it or not. You know, of course, that the building the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart has been bombed out of existence. Where is it now? Who owns it? Who knows?”
Pacing the floor of his office on the twentyfifth floor of 39 Broadway, he said, “All I know is that I am here and that the United States government is exercising strict supervision of all activities of the bank and these corporation. I cannot tell you whom I am working. You may be sure there is really little to do. All these corporations in their best years have done less than $1,000,000 annually.”
Mr. Lievense added that his business had slowed down to such a degree that he had to let out two or three of his office force and had reduced his three-room office to two rooms.
Has Time to Play the Organ
“In fact” he said, “ I have been, spending too much time indulging in my favorite pastime playing the organ at my home. I also play the organ for the Whiteman Memorial Baptist Church at Oyster Bay, What else is there to do?”
Mr. Lievense and his wife, Maria Jacobs, have lived In a rambling twostory semiColonial home in Cedar Swamp Road, in the High Hills Farm section of Glen Head L. I., for the last eight or ten, years.
He passes much time visiting the tulip beds in the vicinity of his home. He is a member of the Netherlands Club, and was born In Maasslius, Holland, July 28,1890.

Below is a sidebar article from Herald TribuneJuly 31, 1941, page 22.
Thyssen’s Role
In World Affairs
Still a Mystery

Original Hitler Backer May
Be Refugee or Nazi Agent
if He’s Alive and at Large
Fritz Thyssen, once ruler of the German steel trust and most important backer of Adolf Hitler In the early days of the Brown Shirt revolution in Germany, is the international mystery man of today. It is anybody’s guess whether he is a genuine refugee from the Nazi terror or a Hitler agent wrapped in a fugitive’s cloak. The world at large does not know where he is or even whether he is alive. And it has, apparently, no way of finding out.
On March 17 it was reported in Vichy. France, that he had been arrested on the Riviera in December, returned to Germany and lodged behind the barbed wire of Dachau concentration camp. Four days later German authorities announced that he was not in France or in Dachau but in South America. Earlier this month informed sources in Germany said he had been released from custody and was in a German sanatorium enjoying “limited freedom of movement.”
Contradictory reports of Herr Thyssen’s status are not new in the history of the man who, more than any other, financed Hitler’s rise to power. Since 1934 vague rumors of breaks between Thyssen and Hitler have circulated from time to time. They came to a head on Nov. 11, 1939, when it was announced that he had left Germany for Switzerland “for an indefinite stay.” The next day he arrived in Lucerne and for several months kept correspondents regarding his hints that he quit his country after protesting against the NaziSoviet pact and urging Hitler through Hermann Wilhelm Goering, not to go to war.
Property Confiscated
A week after his arrival in Switzerland it was announced in Berlin with fanfare that the Reich had confiscated his fortune and property estimated to be worth at least $88,000,000. It was done on the basis of a law aimed at persons inimical to the people and the state. On Feb. 12, 1940, a decree was published in the official German gazette stripping him and his wife of their citizenship. They were then living In luxury in a Locarno hotel.
From then until his disappearance from the Riviera his movements were of a nature to arouse suspicion, or at least puzzlement. He was in Belgium in March, 1940, and within a few weeks Hitler’s armies forced the surrender of that country. From Belgium he moved to France, where he remained unmolested long after the French bowed before Hitler’s legions.
Thyssen’s residence at the Hotel Crillon in Paris while the German armies gathered in front of the, Maginot Line puzzled the Parisians. It seemed strange to them that a man who was a declared enemy of France and the prime mover of Hitler’s coup should be ensconced in the French capital at that particular time, able to get the ear not only of French industrialists but also of French politicians.
The same puzzlement arose after the French surrender when Thyssen supposedly an enemy of the Reich was allowed to sun himself for months on the sands of Cannes, although the German authorities could have had him for the asking.
Mentioned as Roehm Associate
All this maneuvering was an echo of in earlier incident in his career. In 1934 after Hitler had assumed the Chancellorship with the staunch help of Thyssen, Berlin began to buzz with rumors of a split among the Nazis. It was also said that Thyssen was seen frequently in the company of Captain Ernst Roehm, one of the leaders of the supposed plot against the Fuehrer.
In the blood bath of July 30, 1934, when Hitler purged his party by killing Roehm and others, there was no mention of Thyssen’s having a part in the conspiracy. Yet, when he sailed in August for South America, it was reported that he was fleeing. Despite his intimacy with Roehm however, Thyssen apparently suffered none of Hitler’s suspicion. After studying the steel business of South America, he returned in the spring to Germany and took up where he had left off.
In the various accounts of the stringpulling responsible for Hitler’s rise in Germany, there is no suggestion that Thyssen shelled out his marks to the Nazi party for any reasons but selfish ones. He was firm believer In capitalism so far as capitalism was represented by the palatial Thyssen chateau, the roaring Thyssen steel furnaces in the Ruhr and Rhine valleys and the 120,000 workers who owed their daily bread to the Thyssen pay rolls. Hitler’s main appeal to him was as a defender of Capitalism against tile Bolshevik bogey.
The Thyssen holdings were hard hit in the German inflation and the subsequent struggle of German industry against the restrictions imposed under the Versailles Treaty. Thyssen hated the French, distrusted the German Republic and dreaded socialism. He began to look around for an antidote to the three-headed monster of his imagination. In 1927 he found it in the person an Austrian former house painter.
Started Pushing In ‘30
Thyssen kept an eye on Hitler and, when the depression in 1930 rocked the Thyssen industrial empire, decided that it was time to push the Nazi leader. He introduced him to prominent industrialists, promised them that Hitler’s National Socialism was only window dressing and helped to pry money for the cause from their pockets. In 1930 he and a business associate distributed 1,000,000 marks to the party and two years later, before the fateful presidential election leading to Hitler’s Chancellorship, Thyssen donated 3,000,000 more.
His reward was to be made economic dictator of western Germany and a member of the Reich’s Grand Economic Council and Prussian State Council. He also had a seat in the Reichstagg.
If the version that would picture him tossed over by Hitler is correct, he mistook his man when he patronizingly gathered the Fuehrer under his wing, His idea was to guide Hitler in the paths of safety for the Thyssen fortune. Like other German industrialists with same thought, however, it would appear that his supported puppet turned out to be a Frankenstein monster.
— To download this sample chapter of Fleshing Out Skull & Bones as a printable PDF click here —

http://www.scripophily.com/nybankhistoryu.htm

Underwriters Bank and Trust Company
11/07/1929 NYS Chartered Underwriters Trust Company
02/14/1930 Acquire By Merger Sixth Avenue Bank of New York
11/26/1930 Acquire By Merger Union Bank of Bronx County
12/01/1930 Acquire By Merger Eastern Exchange Bank, The
11/07/1969 Name Change To Underwriters Bank and Trust Company
01/15/1974 Name Change To United Americas Bank
12/19/1980 Name Change To Banco Central of New York
10/06/1992 Name Change To Banco Central Hispano - USA
12/04/1998 Name Change To BCH - USA
Underwriters Trust Company
11/07/1929 NYS Chartered Underwriters Trust Company
02/14/1930 Acquire By Merger Sixth Avenue Bank of New York
11/26/1930 Acquire By Merger Union Bank of Bronx County
12/01/1930 Acquire By Merger Eastern Exchange Bank, The
11/07/1969 Name Change To Underwriters Bank and Trust Company
01/15/1974 Name Change To United Americas Bank
12/19/1980 Name Change To Banco Central of New York
10/06/1992 Name Change To Banco Central Hispano - USA
12/04/1998 Name Change To BCH - USA
http://www.banking.state.ny.us/histb.txt
BCH - USA
11/07/1929 NYS Chartered Underwriters Trust Company
02/14/1930 Acquire By Merger Sixth Avenue Bank of New York
11/26/1930 Acquire By Merger Union Bank of Bronx County
12/01/1930 Acquire By Merger Eastern Exchange Bank, The
11/07/1969 Name Change To Underwriters Bank and Trust Company
01/15/1974 Name Change To United Americas Bank
12/19/1980 Name Change To Banco Central of New York
10/06/1992 Name Change To Banco Central Hispano - USA
12/04/1998 Name Change To BCH - USA
06/05/2001 Liquidated

======

http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?doc_id=5577&layout=rich_story

The Economist: Santander Central Hispano is run as one-man show

Spain's biggest bank, Santander Central Hispano, goes back to being family run, says The Economist.
Outside the office of Emilio Botin, chairman of Santander Central Hispano, hangs a painting of strung-up haunches of meat. All around are blood-red doors, curtains and walls, along with the pelts of animals he has shot and the tusks of four elephants. Mr Botin also bags game at his bank. Last year Jose Maria Amusategui, his co-chairman, resigned after a struggle with the chairman. In February the chief executive, Angel Corcostegui, left suddenly. Investors are beginning to wonder if Mr Botin's grip on power could damage the fortunes of his bank.
When Mr Botin took over the chairmanship of Banco Santander from his father at the age of 52, he inherited a small regional bank from the north of Spain. Since then, with strong profits and a series of acquisitions, the bank has become the largest in Spain and the biggest foreign bank in Latin America as a whole. In 1999 Mr Botin brought together Santander and Banco Central Hispano, a smaller bank. He described it to the world as a merger of equals.
Not quite. At Santander, so the joke goes in Madrid, there are two kinds of employees: the Botines and the botones, or bellboys. Mr Corcostegui, formerly chief executive of Central Hispano, quickly found out what category he was in. Just as the merger was going through, the chairman's daughter, Ana Patricia Botin, appeared in an article in El Pais, a Spanish newspaper, that portrayed her as the sure successor to her father. Mr Corcostegui and Mr Amusategui threatened to call off the deal, and Mr Botin reluctantly told his daughter to leave. From the beginning, says a former executive, there was violence inside the merger.
Now that Mr Amusategui and Mr Corcostegui are gone, Mr Botin's authority at Santander Central Hispano is unchallenged. His new chief executive is Alfredo Saenz, former head of Banesto, a Spanish retail bank owned by Santander, and Ms Botin has returned. The Botins own less than 3% of the bank, so their power on the board is starting to be criticised.
Investors appreciate that Mr Botin, who is 68 years old, has made them a lot of money. But they question whether Santander Central Hispano, large and complex, with 14 banks in Latin America and strategic alliances across Europe, should be run for much longer as a one-man show. There ought to be voices at the bank that dare to tell Mr Botin, if necessary, that he might be wrong.
His many coups--including the investment in Royal Bank of Scotland, which has increased greatly in value since its takeover of National Westminster Bank--have been tempered elsewhere. Santander paid way over the odds for Banespa, a Brazilian bank. The bank is likely to close or sell Patagon, its online financial services arm, in Latin America, after investing some $800m in it worldwide. Investors watching the crisis in Argentina are nervous that the bank has invested too much in Latin America, a region that is now responsible for half of its revenues.
For years, says Inigo Lecubarri, an analyst at Schroder Salomon Smith Barney in London, foreign investors have considered Spanish banks a rarity in Europe for their emphasis on shareholder value. That may still hold true, he says, but to see chairmen disposing of competent chief executives without internal or external opposition is a blow. Not just at Santander Central Hispano but at Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria and Banco Popular, talented chief executives have had to leave for reasons unconnected with their management record.
The next chapter in Santander Central Hispano's family tale will come if Mr Botin wants to name his daughter as successor. So far, Ms Botin has not greatly impressed investors, though she is highly regarded inside the bank. Trained at J.P. Morgan in New York, she pushed Santander into investment banking in Latin America in the early 1990s. In 1998 she was behind the acquisition of the core Asian equities team of Hong Kong's Peregrine Investments, but Santander shut it down soon after. Almost everywhere, Santander Central Hispano has cut back its involvement in investment banking. With Mr Corcostegui gone, Ms Botin takes over the chairmanship of Banesto. However well she does, the charge of nepotism will hang over her.
Source: The Economist.

=======

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=230729

Abstract:
Spanish banking history has paid little attention to business history, but the evolution of complex organizations such as modern banks are can help us to understand their success or failure and their relationships with the real sector of the economy. This work is an approach to the long term evolution of organizational schemes adopted by two of the biggest national banks in 20th Century Spain: The Banco Hispano Americano and the Banco Central, merged in 1992 to create the current Banco Central Hispano. The main conclusion of this paper is that although Alfred Chandler's theory matters in the long run, history explains better the pace of the evolution. The Banco Hispano Americano and the Banco Central evolved towards a 'modern enterprise' organization, but the former reached it in 1929 and the latter in the 1980s. The main reason is that the Banco Hispano Americano, a commercial bank, experienced a more stable and peaceful history than the Banco Central, being always a mixed bank.

======

http://www.keepmedia.com/ShowItemDetails.do?itemID=16860&extID=10030&oliID=226

``BANKING IS EVERYTHING''
by Gail Edmondson in Rome, with David Fairlamb in London and Philip Schmidt in Madrid | Mar 04 '02

In the hushed hallways and ornate management suites at Banco Santander in Spain, power remained firmly in the hands of the founding Botin family for 142 years. But in 1999, while negotiating a deal with Banco Central Hispano, family scion Emilio Botin did the unthinkable: He wooed the bank's key executives with an offer to share power. They agreed to the $9.6 billion merger, but inevitably frictions flared. On Feb. 13, Botin ousted the remaining top brass from Central Hispano, brought back his exiled daughter, and consolidated dynastic control over one of Europe's largest banks, now ......

=======

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2004/07/27/cnabb127.xml&menuId=242&sSheet=/money/2004/07/27/ixcity.html

Big-game hunter aims to create a lion among Europe's banks
By Andrew Cave Associate City Editor (Filed: 27/07/2004)

Emilio Botin is better known in Britain as the father-in-law of golfer Seve Ballesteros than as chairman of Spain's largest bank.
The Santander Central Hispano chairman keeps a low profile in his home country but has quietly taken the company he has run since 1986 into the European banks big league.
He has already bought the retail bank Banesto and merged his Banco Santander with Banco Central Hispano to create Santander Central Hispano in 1999.
Now, Mr Botin, who lists big-game hunting among his hobbies, aims to move the group into the world's top ten banks by market capitalisation with his £8.5billion takeover of Abbey National.
The third generation of his family to run the bank, Mr Botin, 69, still jogs regularly and is a

Grandfather Prescott Bush is called "the secret banker for Adolf Hitler", and accused of having companies -- seized during the war for "trading with the enemy" -- which ran a Polish mine using slaves from Nazi concentration camps.

In fact, Prescott Bush held one of 4000 shares in a Dutch-owned bank in the empire of German tycoon Fritz Thyssen. Thyssen was indeed an early backer of the Nazis, but denounced Hitler before the war for persecuting Jews and Catholics and was locked away.

Meanwhile, the Nazis invaded Poland, seized Thyssen's mine there in 1939 and used slaves from Auschwitz to work it after 1940.

http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,10264401%255E25717,00.html

Meanwhile, the Nazis invaded Poland, seized Thyssen's mine there in 1939 and used slaves from Auschwitz to work it after 1940.

http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,10264401%255E25717,00.html

Deacon Elurby: Speaking of SECRET WARS, what of the war Jews - Left and Right - have been waging against the West for over 100 years; a war for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, by the Right, and a war for world socialism/communism, by the Left?

This is a distortion of the situation(s) which has been made quite popular on the far right.

Deacon Elurby: P.S. Winston Churchill on Jews' power and influence
(( one of dozens I have on the subject )):

I suggest applying scepticism to the views of the likes of Winston Churchill, whos antisemitism included the mustard gassing of Mesopotamian (Iraqi) tribes.
His ideas on "Jewish Power" have also been debunked. The following article (actually an appendix of a well documented research work on who aided the Bolsheviks) should help clarify this.

Appendix II

THE JEWISH-CONSPIRACY THEORY OF THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION

There is an extensive literature in English, French, and German reflecting the argument that the Bolshevik Revolution was the result of a "Jewish conspiracy"; more specifically, a conspiracy by Jewish world bankers. Generally, world control is seen as the ultimate objective; the Bolshevik Revolution was but one phase of a wider program that supposedly reflects an age-old religious struggle between Christianity and the "forces of darkness."

The argument and its variants can be found in the most surprising places and from quite surprising persons. In February 1920 Winston Churchill wrote an

article — rarely cited today — for the London Illustrated Sunday Herald entitled "Zionism Versus Bolshevism." In this' article Churchill concluded that it was "particularly important... that the National Jews in every country who are loyal to the land of their adoption should come forward on every occasion . . . and take a prominent part in every measure for combatting the Bolshevik conspiracy." Churchill draws a line between "national Jews" and what he calls "international Jews." He argues that the "international and for the most atheistical Jews" certainly had a "very great" role in the creation of Bolshevism and bringing about the Russian Revolution. He asserts (contrary to fact) that with the exception of Lenin, "the majority" of the leading figures in the revolution were Jewish, and adds (also contrary to fact) that in many cases Jewish interests and Jewish places of worship were excepted by the Bolsheviks from their policies of seizure. Churchill calls the international Jews a "sinister confederacy" emergent from the persecuted populations of countries where Jews have been persecuted on account of their race. Winston Churchill traces this movement back to Spartacus-Weishaupt, throws his literary net around Trotsky, Bela Kun, Rosa Luxemburg, and Emma Goldman, and charges: "This world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing."

Churchill then argues that this conspiratorial Spartacus-Weishaupt group has been the mainspring of every subversive movement in the nineteenth century. While pointing out that Zionism and Bolshevism are competing for the soul of the Jewish people, Churchill (in 1920) was preoccupied with the role of the Jew in the Bolshevik Revolution and the existence of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.

Another well-known author in the 1920s, Henry Wickham Steed describes in the second volume of his Through 30 Years 1892-1922 (p. 302) how he attempted to bring the Jewish-conspiracy concept to the attention of Colonel Edward M. House and President Woodrow Wilson. One day in March 1919 Wickham Steed called Colonel House and found him disturbed over Steed's recent criticism of U.S. recognition of the Bolsheviks. Steed pointed out to House that Wilson would be discredited among the many peoples and nations of Europe and "insisted that, unknown to him, the prime movers were Jacob Schiff, Warburg and other international financiers, who wished above all to bolster up the Jewish Bolshevists in order to secure a field for German and Jewish exploitation of Russia."1 According to Steed, Colonel House argued for the establishment of economic relations with the Soviet Union.

Probably the most superficially damning collection of documents on the Jewish conspiracy is in the State Department Decimal File (861.00/5339). The central document is one entitled "Bolshevism and Judaism," dated November 13, 1918. The text is in the form of a report, which states that the revolution in Russia was engineered "in February 1916" and "it was found that the following persons and firms were engaged in this destructive work":

(1) Jacob Schiff
Jew

(2) Kuhn, Loeb & Company
Jewish Firm

Management:
Jacob Schiff
Jew

Felix Warburg
Jew

Otto H. Kahn
Jew

Mortimer L. Schiff
Jew

Jerome J. Hanauer
Jew

(3) Guggenheim
Jew

(4) Max Breitung
Jew

(5) Isaac Seligman
Jew

The report goes on to assert that there can be no doubt that the Russian Revolution was started and engineered by this group and that in April 1917

Jacob Schiff in fact made a public announcement and it was due to his financial influence that the Russian revolution was successfully accomplished and in the Spring 1917 Jacob Schitf started to finance Trotsky, a Jew, for the purpose of accomplishing a social revolution in Russia.

The report contains other miscellaneous information about Max Warburg's financing of Trotsky, the role of the Rheinish-Westphalian syndicate and Olof Aschberg of the Nya Banken (Stockholm) together with Jivotovsky. The anonymous author (actually employed by the U.S. War Trade Board)2 states that the links between these organizations and their financing of the Bolshevik Revolution show how "the link between Jewish multi-millionaires and Jewish proletarians was forged." The report goes on to list a large number of Bolsheviks who were also Jews and then describes the actions of Paul Warburg, Judus Magnes, Kuhn, Loeb & Company, and Speyer & Company.

The report ends with a barb at "International Jewry" and places the argument into the context of a Christian-Jewish conflict backed up by quotations from the Protocols of Zion. Accompanying this report is a series of cables between the State Department in Washington and the American embassy in London concerning the steps to be taken with these documents:3

5399 Great Britain, TEL. 3253 i pm

October 16, 1919 In Confidential File
Secret for Winslow from Wright. Financial aid to Bolshevism & Bolshevik Revolution in Russia from prominent Am. Jews: Jacob Schiff, Felix Warburg, Otto Kahn, Mendell Schiff, Jerome Hanauer, Max Breitung & one of the Guggenheims. Document re- in possession of Brit. police authorities from French sources. Asks for any facts re-.

* * * * *

Oct. 17 Great Britain TEL. 6084, noon r c-h 5399 Very secret. Wright from Winslow. Financial aid to Bolshevik revolution in Russia from prominent Am. Jews. No proof re- but investigating. Asks to urge Brit. authorities to suspend publication at least until receipt of document by Dept.

* * * * *

Nov. 28 Great Britain TEL. 6223 R 5 pro. 5399
FOR WRIGHT. Document re financial aid to Bolsheviki by prominent American jews. Reports — identified as French translation of a statement originally prepared in English by Russian citizen in Am. etc. Seem most unwise to give — the distinction of publicity.

It was agreed to suppress this material and the files conclude, "I think we have the whole thing in cold storage."

Another document marked "Most Secret" is included with this batch of material. The provenance of the document is unknown; it is perhaps FBI or military intelligence. It reviews a translation of the Protocols of the Meetings of the Wise Men of Zion, and concludes:

In this connection a letter was sent to Mr. W. enclosing a memorandum from us with regard to certain information from the American Military Attache to the effect that the British authorities had letters intercepted from various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for world dominion. Copies of this material will be very useful to us.

This information was apparently developed and a later British intelligence report makes the flat accusation:

SUMMARY: There is now definite evidence that Bolshevism is an international movement controlled by Jews; communications are passing between the leaders in America, France, Russia and England with a view to concerted action....4

However, none of the above statements can be supported with hard empirical evidence. The most significant information is contained in the paragraph to the effect that the British authorities possessed "letters intercepted from various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for world dominion." If indeed such letters exist, then they would provide support (or nonsupport) for a presently unsubstantiated hypothesis: to wit, that the Bolshevik Revolution and other revolutions are the work of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.

Moveover, when statements and assertions are not supported by hard evidence and where attempts to unearth hard evidence lead in a circle back to the starting point — particularly when everyone is quoting everyone else — then we must reject the story as spurious. There is no concrete evidence that Jews were involved in the Bolshevik Revolution because they were Jewish. There may indeed have been a higher proportion of Jews involved, but given tsarist treatment of Jews, what else would we expect? There were probably many Englishmen or persons of English origin in the American Revolution fighting the redcoats. So what? Does that make the American Revolution an English conspiracy? Winston Churchill's statement that Jews had a "very great role" in the Bolshevik Revolution is supported only by distorted evidence. The list of Jews involved in the Bolshevik Revolution must be weighed against lists of non-Jews involved in the revolution. When this scientific procedure is adopted, the proportion of foreign Jewish Bolsheviks involved falls to less than twenty percent of the total number of revolutionaries — and these Jews were mostly deported, murdered, or sent to Siberia in the following years. Modern Russia has in fact maintained tsarist anti-Semitism.

It is significant that documents in the State Department files confirm that the investment banker Jacob Schiff, often cited as a source of funds for the Bolshevik Revolution, was in fact against support of the Bolshevik regime.5 This position, as we shall see, was in direct contrast to the Morgan-Rockefeller promotion of the Bolsheviks.

The persistence with which the Jewish-conspiracy myth has been pushed suggests that it may well be a deliberate device to divert attention from the real issues and the real causes. The evidence provided in this book suggests that the New York bankers who were also Jewish had relatively minor roles in supporting the Bolsheviks, while the New York bankers who were also Gentiles (Morgan, Rockefeller, Thompson) had major roles.

What better way to divert attention from the real operators than by the medieval bogeyman of anti-Semitism?

Footnotes:

1See Appendix 3 for Schiff's actual role.

2The anonymous author was a Russian employed by the U.S. War Trade Board. One of the three directors of the U.S. War Trade Board at this time was John Foster Dulles.

3U.S. State Dept. Decimal File, 861.00/5399.

4Great Britain, Directorate of Intelligence, A Monthly Review of the Progress of Revolutionary Movements Abroad, no. 9, July 16, 1913 (861.99/5067).

5See Appendix 3.

Norman Mailer:
We have the worst President in America's history. He's Ignorant. He's arrogant. He's stupid in all ways but one --- which is he's immensely shrewd about the American people --- particularly the less intelligent half of America, because they're very happy with him in that they realize how stupid he is, and they say to themselves, "wonderful --- if that stupid guy can be President, so can I."

Robert Steele, CIA, Covert Operations:
We have elected a puppet for President. Actually, we didn't elect him, he was appointed. His brother Jeb stole 50,000 votes in Florida, and his father's Supreme Court appointed him.

Michael Ledeen, former adviser to President Reagan:
You know, if God has spoken to you and said, "you're going to be President", [then] don't worry about court decisions or recounts or things like that. All right - so he became President, but he didn't know 'why'. Then on September eleventh he discovered 'why'.

Narrator:
In January 2001, George W. Bush left his native Texas for Washington. He had just the most controversial and muddled election in American political history.

Eight years after his father--George Bush Senior--George W. became leader of the most powerful nation on earth. This was an unprecedented event in American history. All the major events of the past 12 years have taken place under a Bush presidency: the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the Communist Block, the first Gulf War, the events of 911, the worldwide spread of terrorism, and the second war with Iraq.

James Robison, Televangelist:
When he was asked in one of the Presidential debates who he admired most as a philosopher or someone in history, he said Jesus Christ. He said it because he does admire his character, his principles, the practice of his life. He really had an encounter with God. He did acknowledge that he had battled with perhaps excessive alcohol and drinking. He not for a moment ever implied to me or in public that he was an alcoholic. But he told me that it was a problem, and he said that faith and his relationship with God had changed his life.

Michael Ledeen:
He's the spoiled child of a rich family, and while he was growing up he had an awful lot of fun: a lot of parties, a lot of girls, a lot of alcohol - the normal kind of thing. At a certain point he had a religious experience. God spoke to him and said, "prepare yourself, I have a mission for you." And he stopped drinking. And he stopped philandering.

Robert Baer, CIA Covert Operations:
He considers he turned himself around because of religion., and he deals with a lot of conservative people, and they truly believe that they are right.

Narrator:
In an interview with an Austin newspaper, George W. declared, "I'm invested with a divine mission: to promote the biblical world view in the policy carried out by the U.S.A." David Frum, Bush's speech writer, witnessed the President in the Oval Office telling members of Protestant congregations how God had saved him from booze.

David Frum:
He said, you know I shouldn't be here, I should be on a bar-stools in Texas, and I'm only here because of the power of prayer, because I found God.

Charles LEWIS, Center for Public Integrity:
The religiosity has a genuine quality to it --- it has effected his life, he does feel it in a deep way, and a lot of born again Christians who have met with Bush come away believing he is like them: he is them.

Robert BAER:
Everybody prays first thing in the morning. They're believers --- they're believers!
And they pray in the Whitehouse.

Narrator:
Bush declared during his campaign that "Heaven is open only to those who accept Jesus Christ."
John Ashcroft, his Attorney General, proclaimed, "we have no King, but Jesus".
At the Whitehouse, cabinet meetings took on an air of prayer meetings, where in between readings from the Old & New Testaments, those in the room managed the affairs of America and the world.

David FRUM:
When I entered the West-Wing, the very first thing I heard said was that you were missed at bible study, 'cause the evangelicals had a weekly bible study --- they had Christian fellowship ---and the religion was very important to that staff, and very important to that Presidency.

Jim HOAGLAND, Washington Post
I think Bush overdoes the religious aspect. It makes me uneasy, and I think it makes many Americans uneasy.

David FRUM:
It is not true that George Bush goes down on his knees and asks God, "what should I do?" The idea that God gives him every morning an agenda: George Bush does not think like that. But he finds his source of strength in a religious faith.

Joseph TRENTO, Historian:
I mean, this administration kow-tows to religion --- to extreme religion.

Sam GWYNNE, Journalist:
Bush's strongest base is the religious, conservative right wing.

Narrator:
Ed McAteer, who lives in Memphis, is a Christian-Zionist. He withdrew his support from GW because he rejects Dick Cheney as a suitable Vice President. His reasoning is quite surprising.

Ed MCATEER:
Bush says that he's against homosexuality, yet he picked a Vice President whose daughter is a lesbian. Now, I tell people, I said, I'm not blaming the father for that, but George Bush new that when he picked him. And so, during the Republican convention that was played over and over--that lesbian girl--and she's seen all over the country. People know that.

Arnaud De BORKGRAVE, Washington Times:
All of this is disturbing to many people, but it happens to be fact that the President is part of the Christian right.

Narrator:
The founder of the moral majority, Jerry Falwell, blamed pagans, gays and lesbians, according to him responsible for the September 11 attacks. Bush declared, "Let us asks for God's wisdom and presence in what we are undertaking. This crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while".

Stanley HOFFMAN, Harvard University
The Christian right has a foreign policy. They support Israel because it's a nation which knows how to fight, and also because there is a strong anti-Muslim bent among those people.

Arnaud De BORKGRAVE, Washington Times:
We had Boykin--- General Boykin--- who is now head of intelligence at the Pentagon, who was preaching in his uniform like a born-again Christian on a crusade against Islam. General Boykin and the President think the same way.

Joseph TRENTO:
I mean you've got Boykin showing people slides over Mogadishu about when the Black Hawk down incident occurred, saying that here in the slide, that's the devil --- that's Satan flying over.

Joseph TRENTO:
What it was, it was a predator aircraft taking pictures --- but he tells people that. This is the head of U.S. intelligence in the Pentagon. I mean --- what do you say to that?

Robert BAER:
They believe in God; they believe in a mission; they believe in a crusade against evil.

Ed MCATEER:
I don't hate the Arab people: I got Arab friends - I love 'em. But I'm a Bible believer, and see; God gave that land to Abraham, to the Jews. And I use a little cliche saying every grain of sand on that little piece of geography called "Israel" belongs to the Jewish people.

Robert BAER:
Up to 60 million people identifying themselves with the Christian right believe that the state of Israel must exist at the end of history, and that's how we're all going to go to heaven. If it doesn't exist--if it's overrun by Muslims--we're all going to go to hell.

Narrator:
This could be a gathering in Jerusalem, but we are in fact in deepest Colorado. None of the participants is Jewish, neither on stage, nor in the audience. This is the annual congress of the Christian Coalition of America. Thousands of people gather in this huge amphitheatre to acclaim the state of Israel.

They come to Jerusalem to demonstrate their support for Israel, simply because they believe it's a step toward the ultimate victory of Christianity, since the Jews are considered spiritually blind for their rejection of Jesus. After a final battle between good and evil, many Jews will convert to Christianity, and non-believers will be damned and perish.

Michael Ledeen:
They are the most unrestrained total supporters of Israel tat you can find in the world. There's a much higher percentage of American evangelicals who support Israel than of American Jews, believe me.

Arnaud De BORKGRAVE, Washington Times:
You have an alliance in the United States, which is a very important alliance. It's not on paper: it's a de facto alliance between the Christian right and the Israeli lobby. There's a direct alliance there, and it's rather an unusual alliance: it's the first time I've seen it in my lifetime.

Narrator:
Ariel Sharon's appearances before the Christian Zionists provoked rapturous ovations of the kind generally given to rock stars. For them, Sharon has been chosen by God to accomplish the prophecies relating to the end of time.

Arnaud De BORKGRAVE:
Ariel Sharon has been received nine times by President Bush to private meetings, which is more than any other leader in the world. The only way to understand American foreign policy in the Middle East is to understand that Israel is an integral part of the American body politic. And just taking it one step further, to explain to Arabs how they can possibly relate to what we're doing in the Middle East, is to think of Israel as the 51st American state. As a matter of fact, we treat Israel better than we treat most American states.

Narrator:
But it's from the neo-conservatives in Washington that the Israeli right-wing derives it's staunchest support. A small group of intellectuals, journalists, and researchers, has penetrated the apparatus of America's power. Paul Wolfowitz, Undersecretary of State for Defense, is their leader. Since George W. took up residence in the Whitehouse, they have set the political agenda in Washington. The neo-cons are pulling all the strings.

Stanley HOFFMAN, Harvard University
For them it's not a contradiction. What's good for Israel, or rather the Israeli right, is good for the U.S.A., and vice-versa.

Robert STEELE, CIA covert operations
Paul Wolfowitz is a man who found a champion or a cause in Israel and in neo-conservativism, and he knows nothing else. And therefore, his personal satisfaction and glorification is wrapped up in using--abusing--American power.

Narrator:
In 1998 the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf sent an open letter to the President urging military intervention in Iraq. The letter concluded with these words:
"Let's make this quite clear: the overthrow of Saddam Hussein is overwhelmingly in the national interest."
Among the signatories to the letter were Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle.

Stanley HOFFMAN, Harvard University
They are either at the Pentagon with Wolfowitz, or around Cheney. And that makes for a very tight-knit little team.

Jim HOAGLAND, Washington Post
It's a mistake to lump together as one the views of Richard Perle and Paul Wolfowitz. Richard Perle has his own views that he's exercised outside the government.

James WOOLSEY, former Director of the CIA
Paul is of course an extremely important official as Deputy Secretary of Defence. Richard is merely a private citizen who occasionally gives advice through various advisory boards.

Robert STEELE, CIA covert operations
Richard Perle is a conniving, self-serving individual who has manipulated personal relationships into a position of undue power. I think he is one of the three most dangerous people in the United States.

Narrator:
Richard Perle, one of the most prominent of Washington's neo-cons, is here on vacation in his villa in Provance, southern France. Although he has no official function, Perle has at his disposal an office in the Pentagon near Donald Rumsfeld. He also enjoys clearance providing direct access to confidential and top-secret information. The New Yorker wrote, "Perle wants power and influence. He's living everybody's dream here in Washington: to participate in policy making and never be accountable." The American Press, which nicknames Perle "The Prince of Darkness" because of his fondness for back-stage manouvers, describes him as "an agitator...uncontrollable...he plays an essential role next to the president."

Jean: I see you have avoided the subject of Bush altogether, changeling. curious....

Just countering a lie which comes up here from time to time. I've known about the Bush crime family's infamies for quite some time now, though this new documentary provides new insights.

But going back in time, George Bush's connection to the Bay of Pigs and the JFK assassination. Large piece, so I'll just post the link.